Ontogeny profile of hepatic phase I enzymes in mice based on metabolic activity, protein expression, and mRNA expression levels
Percentages represent expression/activity relative to adult levels.
| Onset of Expression/Activity | Adult Levels Reached | Age-Related Changes (% of Adult) in Expression/Activity after Birth | Comments | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CYP1A1 | |||||
| mRNA | NR (3 days: 35%) | 10 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days. Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: bDNA and RT-PCR | Cui et al. (2012b) |
| CYP1A2 | |||||
| mRNA | 0 days (2%) | 20 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015); Li et al. (2016) |
| CYP2A4 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (7%) | 20 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2A5 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (1.7%) | 20 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP2B10 | |||||
| mRNA | 0 days (20%) | 5 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; Piekos et al., 2018), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016; Piekos et al., 2018), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015); Li et al. (2016); Piekos et al. (2018) |
| CYP2B13 | |||||
| mRNA | M: 0 day (100%); F: NR (10 days: 17%) | M: 0 days; F: 45 days | M: inconsistent pattern; F: increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2B23 | |||||
| mRNA | M: 0 days (100%); F: NR (10 days: 400%) | M: 30 days; F: 45 days | M: inconsistent pattern, decreased rapidly; F: Inconsistent pattern, decreased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2B9 | |||||
| mRNA | M: 0 days (33%); F: NR (10 days: 85%) | M: 3 days; F: 10 days | M: inconsistent pattern; F: no changes | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP2C29 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (4%); F: NR (10 days: 4%) | 20 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2C37 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (20%) | 15 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2C40 | |||||
| mRNA | M: NR (1 day: 23%); F: NR (10 days: 9%) | M: 30 days; F: 45 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP2C44 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (15%); F: NR (15 days: 59%) | M: 45 days; F: 30 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2C50 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (1%–3%); F: NR (10 days: 23%) | M: 20 days; F: 20 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP2C54 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (2%); F: NR (20 days: 12%) | M: 45 days; F: 45 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP2C67 | |||||
| mRNA | NR (mixed 0 days: 33%) | M: 30 days; F: 45 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP2C69 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (18%); F: NR (mixed 0 days: 61%) | M: 15 days; F: 45 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP2C70 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (7%) | 15 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2D10 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (2%); F: NR (mixed 0 days: 8%) | 45 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2D22 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (10%–15%) | 20 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2D26 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (33%) | 0 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2D9 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (2%); F: NR (mixed 0 days: 8.5%) | 30 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP2E1 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (1%); F: NR (mixed 0 days: 33%) | 5 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP2F2 | |||||
| mRNA | 0 days (3.5%–5%) | 30 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP3A11 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (2%) | 20 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; Piekos et al., 2018), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016; Piekos et al., 2018), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b) | Li et al. (2009); Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015); Li et al. (2016); Piekos et al. (2018) |
| CYP3A13 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (10%–75%) | 0 days | Nonlinear pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP3A25 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (0%–30%) | 20 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b) | Li et al. (2009); Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP3A16 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (75%–775%) | 25 days | Decreased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; Piekos et al., 2018). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b; Li et al., 2016; Piekos et al., 2018), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b) | Li et al. (2009); Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Piekos et al. (2018) |
| CYP3A41A | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (75%) | 25 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP3A41B | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (15%–700%) | 25 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b) (Li et al., 2009), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Li et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2012b) | Li et al. (2009); Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP3A44 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (75%); F: NR (mixed: 5%) | 10 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP3A59 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (75%); F: NR (10 days: 100%) | 45 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP4A10 | |||||
| mRNA | M: 0 days (656%); F: NR (10 days: 69%) | Fluctuating around adult values | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP4A14 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (7%); F: NR (10 days: 133%) | Fluctuating around adult values | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP4A31 | |||||
| mRNA | NR (0 days: 30%) | Fluctuating around adult values | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP4A32 | |||||
| mRNA | M: 0 days (313%); F: NR (10 days: 43%) | Fluctuating around adult values | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b; Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CYP4F13 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (16%); F: NR (10 days: 61%) | 45 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP4F14 | |||||
| mRNA | M: fetal development (4%); F: NR (10 days: 12%) | M: 20 days; F: 30 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP4F15 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (10%) | 10 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| CYP4F16 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (100%) | 25 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 45 days (Cui et al., 2012b), 60 days (Peng et al., 2012). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Cui et al., 2012b), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2012), bDNA (Cui et al., 2012b) | Cui et al. (2012b); Peng et al. (2012) |
| FMO1 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (40%) | 30 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 56 days (Janmohamed et al., 2004), 60 days (Peng et al., 2013), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (M) (Peng et al., 2013; Selwyn et al., 2015) and 129/SV (mixed) (Janmohamed et al., 2004). Methods: RT-PCR (Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2013), RNase protection assay (Janmohamed et al., 2004) | Janmohamed et al. (2004); Peng et al. (2013); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| FMO2 | |||||
| mRNA | 0 days (6%) | 45 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 56 days (Janmohamed et al., 2004), 60 days (Peng et al., 2013), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (M) (Peng et al., 2013; Selwyn et al., 2015) and 129/SV (mixed) (Janmohamed et al., 2004). Methods: RT-PCR (Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2013), RNase protection assay (Janmohamed et al., 2004) | Janmohamed et al. (2004); Peng et al. (2013); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| FMO3 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (132%) | 60 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 56 days (Janmohamed et al., 2004), 60 days (Peng et al., 2013). Strain: C57BL/6 (M) (Peng et al., 2013; Selwyn et al., 2015) and 129/SV (mixed) (Janmohamed et al., 2004). Methods: RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2013), RNase protection assay (Janmohamed et al., 2004) | Janmohamed et al. (2004); Peng et al. (2013) |
| FMO4 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (81%) | 60 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 56 days (Janmohamed et al., 2004), 60 days (Peng et al., 2013). Strain: C57BL/6 (M) (Peng et al., 2013; Selwyn et al., 2015) and 129/SV (mixed) (Janmohamed et al., 2004). Methods: RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2013), RNase protection assay (Janmohamed et al., 2004) | Janmohamed et al. (2004); Peng et al. (2013) |
| FMO5 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (2%) | 45 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 56 days (Janmohamed et al., 2004), 60 days (Peng et al., 2013), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (M) (Peng et al., 2013; Selwyn et al., 2015) and 129/SV (mixed) (Janmohamed et al., 2004). Methods: RT-PCR (Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2013), RNase protection assay (Janmohamed et al., 2004) | Janmohamed et al. (2004); Peng et al. (2013); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| NQO1 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (255%) | Fluctuating around adult values | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 60 days (Peng et al., 2013), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (M). Methods: RT-PCR (Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2013) | Peng et al. (2013); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| POR | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (41%) | 30 days | Inconsistent pattern | Adult age: 60 days (Peng et al., 2013), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (M). Methods: RT-PCR (Selwyn et al., 2015), RNA-seq (Peng et al., 2013) | Peng et al. (2013); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| ADH1 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (3%–41%) | 20 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 60 days. Strain: C57BL/6 (M). Methods: RNA-seq | Peng et al. (2013) |
| ALDH1A1 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (6%) | 45 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) and 60 days (Li et al., 2016). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Li et al., 2016) and bDNA (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) | Alnouti and Klaassen (2008); (Li et al., 2016) |
| ALDH1B1 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (35%) | 15 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) and 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Selwyn et al., 2015) and bDNA (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) | Alnouti and Klaassen (2008); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| ALDH3A2 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (M: 32%, F: 16%) | M: 10 days; F: 45 days | Increased rapidly | Adult age: 45 days (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) and 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Selwyn et al., 2015) and bDNA (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) | Alnouti and Klaassen (2008); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| ALDH1A7 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (2%–3%) | 25 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) and 60 days (Li et al., 2016). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Li et al., 2016) and bDNA (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) | Alnouti and Klaassen (2008; Li et al. (2016) |
| ALDH7A1 | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (25%) | 22 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 45 days (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) and 60 days (Li et al., 2016). Strain: C57BL/6 (mixed). Methods: RT-PCR (Li et al., 2016) and bDNA (Alnouti and Klaassen, 2008) | Alnouti and Klaassen (2008); Li et al. (2016) |
| AOX | |||||
| mRNA | 1 day (2%) | 60 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 60 days (Peng et al., 2013), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (M) | Peng et al. (2013); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
| CES2A | |||||
| mRNA | Fetal development (3%) | 60 days | Increased slowly | Adult age: 60 days (Peng et al., 2013), 90 days (Selwyn et al., 2015). Strain: C57BL/6 (M) | Peng et al. (2013); Selwyn et al. (2015) |
AOX, alternative oxidase; bDNA, branched DNA signal amplification assay; F, female; M, male; NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase-1; NR, not reported; POR, NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase; RNA-seq, RNA-sequencing; RT-PCR, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.