Sex-specific effects of cardiovascular drugs
| Drug/Substance | Sex- and Gender-Related Aspects | References |
|---|---|---|
| Heart failure | ||
| Digoxin | Greater mortality in women with HFrEF than in men in post hoc analysis | Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. (2007); Tchoukhine et al. (2011) |
| ACEIs | Effective in women in lower doses than in men | Santema et al. (2019) |
| ACEIs | More frequently adverse effects in women (cough) | Mackay et al. (1999) |
| β Blockers | Effective in women in lower doses than in men | Santema et al. (2019) |
| β Blockers | More adverse effects in women, particular substances that are metabolized via Cyp2D6 interaction with oral contraceptives | Kendall et al. (1982); Tanaka and Hisawa (1999); Labbé et al. (2000); Flock et al. (2013); Navarro et al. (2016); Overgaard et al. (2016); Wilding et al. (2016); Cataldi et al. (2019) |
| Sacubitril-valsartan | Led to a significant reduction in event rate vs. valsartan in women, which was not observed in men (0.73 in women and 1.03 in men; P interaction = 0.017) | Flock et al. (2013); McMurray et al. (2019a); Navarro et al. (2016); Overgaard et al. (2016); Wilding et al. (2016); Cataldi et al. (2019) |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonists. | Strong trends for better mortality reduction in women than in men | Merrill et al. (2019) |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | ||
| Class III antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol) | Stronger QT prolongation and more torsade de pointes arrhythmia in women | Kurokawa et al. (2012) |
| Antihypertensive drugs | ||
| Diuretics | More often prescribed to women, more electrolyte disturbances in women | |
| Amlodipine | Stronger blood pressure reduction in women, more edema in women | Kloner et al. (1995) |