Advantages and disadvantages of bioprinting methods
| Extrusion- Based | Droplet- Based | Laser- Assisted | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cell viability | 50%–70% | 80%–90% | 95% |
| Printing precision | + | +++ | ++ |
| Printing resolution | 100–200 µm | 30–50 µm | 10 µm |
| Throughput | + | +++ | ++ |
| Cell density | 108 cells/ml | <106 cells/ml | <106 cells/ml |
| Bioink viscosity | 30–107 mPa | 3–12 mPa | 1–300 mPa |
| Single-cell deposition | No | Inconsistent | Yes |
| Possibility to print scaffold-free | Yes | Yes | No |
| Cost | Low | Medium | High |
| Commercial availability | +++ | ++ | + |