TABLE 1

Literature overview nutritional components and their effect on the immune system via AHR

Receptor	Nutritional Activator	Concentration and Mode of Administration	Type of Study	Model	Stimulant/Disease Model	Effect	Reference
AHR	I3C	50 µM	Ex vivo	BMDC from AHR^+/+, AHR^−/− mice and CD4+ T cells from OTII FoxP3^egfp C57BL/6 mice	LPS	Reversion of LPS-induced DC surface marker CD11c and decrease in LPS-induced IL-12 release. Increased frequency of Foxp3+ Treg (BMDC-naïve T-cell coculture)	(Benson and Shepherd, 2011)
	DIM	15 µM	In vitro	Naive murine CD4⁺CD62L⁺ Th cells	Anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies and shRNA against AHR	Inhibited expression of estrogen receptor α, GATA3 and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13. Foxp3 upregulation and RORγτ downregulation	(Huang et al., 2013)
	I3C	Diet containing 1000 ppm	In vivo	AHR^+/+, AHR^+/− and AHR^−/− C57BL/6j mice	Clostridium difficile	Increased survival after Clostridium difficile infection, increased Treg, group 3 innate lymphoid cells, and γδ T-cell populations in the gut	(Julliard et al., 2017)
	I3C or DIM	40 mg/kg i.p.	In vivo	C57BL/6 mice	EAE model using AHR antagonist CD223191	Reduced inflammatory cells, proinflammatory cytokines, Th17 population, and increased Treg population in lymph nodes and brain	(Rouse et al., 2013)
	I3C or DIM	100 µM	In vitro	Naïve murine splenocytes	Concanavalin A and AHR antagonist CD223191	Suppressed Th17 differentiation and promoted Treg population	(Rouse et al., 2013)
	I3C or DIM	50 mg/kg oral gavage	In vivo	AHR^+/+ and AHR^−/− C57BL/6 mice	Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction using methylated bovine serum albumin and RAR-specific antagonist CH223191	Suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, increase in Treg population, and decrease in Th17 population in draining lymph nodes and spleen	(Singh et al., 2016)
	DIM	20 mg/kg i.v.	In vivo	WT and Rag^−/− Thy1.1⁺ and Thy1.2⁺ C57BL/6 mice	EAE model using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and RAR-specific antagonist CH223191	Reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β and inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells, while maintaining Foxp3 expression and Treg development in brain and spinal cord	(Yang et al., 2020)

GATA3, GATA-binding protein 3; ROR, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor; shRNA, short hairpin RNA.