Dopamine-mediated immune function
| Species | Cell type/region | Receptors or proteins involved | Dopamine/dopamine modifying agent or method | Immunologic finding | Method(s) of Detection | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicken | Macrophage | N/A | Dopamine (0.1–0.25 μg/mL) | ↑ Phagocytosis of E. coli and sheep red blood cells ↑ Percentage of Fc-receptor positive macrophages | Phagocytosis assay Fc-receptor Assay | Ali et al., 1994 |
| Guinea Pig | Macrophage (spleen) | D1-like D2-like | Bromocriptine (0.005–0.5 μg/mg) Leuprolide (0.005–0.5 μg/mg) Pergolide (0.001–0.25 μg/mg) Chlorpromazine (0.5–50 mg/kg) Metochlopramide (0.5–50 mg/kg) Sulpiride (1–50 mg/kg) Veralipride (1–50 mg/kg) Alizapride (1–50 mg/kg) Cisapride (0.1–5 mg/kg) | ↑ Clearance of IgG-sensitized RBCs, in vitro binding of IgG-sensitized RBCs, and cell surface expression of Fcγ by dopamine agonists (opposite effect with dopamine antagonists) | Fc-receptor assay Flow cytometry | Gomez et al., 1999 |
| Human | B-cell (BC-3 cell line) | D1-like D2-like | N-acyl-dopamine derivatives (5–10 μM) SCH23390 (10 μM) Haloperidol (10 μM) | N-acyl-dopamine derivatives reactivated Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (blocked by SCH23390 and haloperidol) | Luciferase reporter assay | Lee et al., 2008 |
| Mouse | B-cell | D3 | N/A | ↑ CNS-tropism of pro-inflammatory B-cells with antigen presenting function ↑ CNS homing of anti-inflammatory B-cells without antigen presenting function | Flow cytometry | Prado et al., 2021 |
| Human | Brain (striatum, caudate, putamen) | D2 | Methylphenidate (40 mg) | ↑ Methylphenidate-induced D2 activation after LPS administration compared with placebo | 11C-raclopride PET | Petrulli et al., 2017 |
| Human | T-cell (CD4+CD45RA+) | N/A | Dopamine (1 nM–1 μM) | ↑ CD3/CD28-stimulated IL-4 and IL-5 in T-cells treated with dopamine | ELISA | Nakano et al., 2009 |
| Human | Dendritic cell (monocyte-derived | D1-like D2-like | Sulpiride (100 nM) Nemonapride (3 nM) SCH-23390 (1 μM) | ↑ IL-5:IFNγ ratio and CCR4 with sulpiride and nemonapride ↓ CXCR3 in co-culture with T-cells ↓ IL-5:IFNγ ratio with SCH-23390 | ELISA | Nakano et al., 2009 |
| Human | Keratinocyte (HaCa T-cell line) | D2-like DR-independent (β-adrenergic) Dopamine-dependent oxidative stress | Dopamine (100 nM–100 μM) Cabergoline (10–100 μM) Sulpiride at (10–100 μM) Ascorbic acid (0.1 mM) | ↑ IL-6 with dopamine (effect reduced by ascorbic acid and sulpiride) ↑ IL-8 with dopamine ↑ IL-6 with cabergoline (effect blocked by sulpiride) | ELISA | Parrado et al., 2012 |
| Human | T-cell (PBL, CD4+, and CD8+) | D3 | Quinpirole (100 nM–10 μM) U-maleate (100 nM–10 μM) | ↑ PHA + IL-2-activated IFN-γ and ↓ IL-4 and IL-10 in total and CD4+ T-cells by quinpirole (reversed by U-maleate in total T-cells) ↑ PHA + IL-2-activated IFN-γ in CD8+ T-cells by quinpirole | RT-PCR | Ilani et al., 2004 |
| Human | Lymphocyte (peripheral blood) | D1-like Dopamine-dependent oxidative stress | Dopamine (100 nM–500 μM) N-acetyl-L-cysteine (5 mM) SCH 23390 (1 μM) | ↓ ROS and apoptosis by low-dose dopamine (blocked by SCH 23390) ↑ ROS and apoptosis by high-dose dopamine (blocked by N-acetyl-L-cysteine) | Flow cytometry Fluorescent assay | Cosentino et al., 2004 |
| Human | Lymphocyte (peripheral blood) | N/A | L-DOPA (10–100 μM) Dopamine (10–100 μM) | ↓ Con-A and PWM-stimulated proliferation by L-DOPA ↓ Con-A-stimulated proliferation and IFNγ by dopamine | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay | Bergquist et al., 1994 |
| Human | Macrophage (monocyte-derived) | N/A | Dopamine (20 nM–20 μM) | ↑ IL-6 and CCL2 ↑ IL-6, CCL2, IL-8 and IL-10 in LPS-treated cells ↓ TNF-a in LPS-treated cells | ELISA | Gaskill et al., 2012 |
| Human | Macrophage (monocyte-derived) | N/A | Dopamine (1 μM) | ↑ NLRP3 and IL-1β, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and ATP-induced IL-1β release ↑ Impact of cytomegalovirus on NF-κB activation | Alphalisa Immunofluorescence Western Blot qPCR | Nolan et al., 2020 |
| Human | Macrophage (monocyte-derived) Microglia (C06 cell line) | D1-like | Dopamine (1 μM) | ↑ CCR5 in both macrophages and microglia D1-like receptors correlate with CCR5 expression in macrophages | Flow cytometry qPCR Western blot | Matt et al., 2021 |
| Human | Macrophage (monocyte-derived) | D1-like | Dopamine (1 nM–1 μM) | ↑ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, CCL2, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10 | Alphalisa | Nolan et al., 2019 |
| Human | Macrophage (monocyte-derived) | DAT | Nomifensine (10 μM) | ↑ IL-6 and TNF-α | Flow cytometry qPCR Immunocytochemistry | Mackie et al., 2022 |
| Human | Microglia (primary) | N/A | Dopamine (2.5 μM) | ↑ Extracellular traps | Immunofluorescence | Agrawal et al., 2021 |
| Human | T-cell (CD4+) coculture with dendritic cells (monocyte-derived); | D1-like D2-like | SCH23390 (1 μM) L750667 (1 μM) | ↓ IL-17 and ↑ IFNγ with SCH23390 ↑ IL-17 and ↓ IFNγ with L750667 | ELISA | Nakano et al., 2008 |
| Human | Monocyte (peripheral blood and THP-1 cell line) | N/A | Dopamine (10 nM–2 mM) | ↓ LPS-stimulated proliferation with high dose dopamine ↓ LPS-induced NF-κB binding to the TNFα promoter | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay EMSA | Bergquist et al., 2000 |
| Human | Monocyte (THP-1 cell line) | D1 D3 D4 | Dopamine (1 μM) SKF 38393 (1–10 μM) SCH 23390 (100 nM–1 μM) Promipexole (1–10 μM) Pnu 177864 (1–10 μM) PD 168077 (100 nM–1 μM) L 745.870 (100 nM–1 μM) | ↑ NF-κB nuclear translocation with dopamine ↑ CCR5 promoter RNA pol II, CCR5 transcription, CCR5 promoter H3K4me3 and H3K27Ac modifications, and CCR5 protein with dopamine ↓ CCR5 with SKF 38393, Pnu 177864, and L 745.870 ↑ CCR5 with SCH 23390, promipexole and PD 168077 | Immunofluorescence ChIP qPCR Flow cytometry | Basova et al., 2018 |
| Human | Neutrophil | D1-independent mechanism | Dopamine (10–100 μM) Fenoldopam (1 nM–100 μM) | ↑ Apoptosis and phagocytosis by dopamine (not changed by fenoldopam) | Flow cytometry | Sookhai et al., 1999 |
| Human | NK cell (CD56+) | D1-like | Dopamine (1aM–1 nM) SCH23390 (1nM–1 μM) SKF38393 (100 nM) | ↓ Proliferation with SKF38393 and dopamine ↓ IFNγ with dopamine, SKF38393, and SCH23390 | Proliferation assay ELISA | Mikulak et al., 2014 |
| Human | Osteoclast (monocyte-derived) | D2-like | Dopamine (100 pM–1 μM) Pramipexole (5–500 pg/ml) Quinpirole (1 nM–100 nM) Haloperidol (1–10 nM) | ↓ TRAP-positive cells with dopamine (mimicked by pramipexole and quinpirole and blocked by haloperidol) ↓ Osteoclast-mediated bone resorption with dopamine and D2-like agonists | TRAP assay Pit formation assay | Hanami et al., 2013 |
| Human | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | N/A | L-DOPA (10–500 μM) Dopamine (10 nM–500 μM) | ↓ Con A and PWM-stimulated proliferation, IFNγ and IL-4 with L-DOPA and dopamine ↑ Apoptosis with L-DOPA and dopamine ↓ IgM and IgG-producing B-cells with dopamine | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay ELISA | Bergquist et al., 1997 |
| Human | T-cell | D1-like D2 D3 | Dopamine (10 nM–100 μM) U-maleate (1 μM) Quinpirole (10–100 nM) 7-OH-DPAT (10–100 nM) SKF 38393 (10–100 nM) L-741,626 (100 nM) | ↑ TNF-α expression and secretion with dopamine (blocked by U- maleate) ↑ TNF-α with SKF 38393 and 7-OH-DPAT ↑ IL-10 expression and secretion by dopamine (blocked by L-741,626) ↑ IL-10 with SKF 38393 and quinpirole | RT-PCR ELISA | Besser et al., 2005 |
| Human | T-cell | D2 D3 | Dopamine (1–5 ng/mL) Eticlopride (not specified) U99194A (not specified) | ↓ CD3-activated proliferation, IL-2, IFNγ and IL-4 (blocked by eticlopride and U99194A) | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay ELISA | Ghosh et al., 2003 |
| Human | T-cell | D4 | PD 168, 077 (1 μM) ABT 724 trihydrochloride (1 μM) | ↓ CD3/CD28-activated proliferation, IL-2 and iERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation with PD 168, 077 and ABT 724 trihydrochloride | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay ELISA | Sarkar et al., 2006 |
| Human | T-cell [CD4+, CD8+, and lymphokine activated killer T-cells (LAK-T)] | D1-like | Dopamine (10.2–48.6 pg/mL) SCH23390 (10 ng/mL) | ↓ IL-2-induced proliferation of CD3-activated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells with high dose dopamine ↓ Cytotoxic ability of LAK-T-cells with dopamine (blocked by SCH23390) | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay Cytotoxicity assay (51Cr release) | Saha et al., 2001 |
| Human | T cell (CD4+ Treg) | D1-like D2-like | SKF38393 (10 pM) Pramipexole (50 pM) | ↑ Intracellular cAMP with SKF38393 ↓ Intracellular cAMP with pramipexole ↓ Proliferation with increasing D1-like activity based on genetic polymorphism | ELISA | Cosentino et al., 2018 |
| Human | T cell (CD4+CD25+ Tregs) | D1-like | Reserpine (1 μM) SCH23390 (1 μM) | ↓ IL-10 and TGF-β with reserpine (blocked by SCH23390) | RT-PCR ELISA | Cosentino et al., 2007 |
| Human | T-cell (CD8+) | D3 | Dopamine (10 nM–1 μM) 7-OH-DPAT (100 nM) U-99194A (100 nM) | ↑ Adhesion to fibronectin and ICAM-1 with dopamine and 7-OH-DPAT ↑ Chemotactic migration with dopamine ↑ CCL19-, CCL21-, and CXCL12 -induced chemotaxis with dopamine in naive CD8+ T-cells | Adhesion assay Chemotaxis assay Migration assay | Watanabe et al., 2006 |
| Human | T-cell (CD8+) | N/A | Dopamine (1 μM) | ↑ Adhesion of naïve CD8+ T-cells ↑ Migration of naïve but not CD3/CD28-activated CD8+ T-cells ↓ CD3/CD28 cross-linking, IL-2, Erk1/2 and NF-κB | Flow-through adhesion assay Migration assay ELISA | Strell et al., 2009 |
| Human | T cell (CD8+ Treg) | D1-like | Dopamine (10 nM) SKF-38393 (10 nM) | ↓ T-cell-mediated proliferation of human PBMCs with dopamine and SKF-38393 | Flow cytometry | Nasi et al., 2019 |
| Human | T-cell (naïve) | D2 D3 | Dopamine (10 nM) 7-OH-DPAT (10 nM) U-Maleate (10 nM) Bromocriptine (10 nM) Pergolide (10 nM) Butaclamol (10 nM–1 μM) Haloperidol (10 nM–1 μM) | ↑ Adhesion to fibronectin with dopamine and DPAT (blocked by U-Maleate) ↑ Adhesion to fibronectin with bromocriptine and pergolide ↓ Adhesion to fibronectin with butaclamol and haloperidol | T cell adhesion assay | Levite et al., 2001 |
| Mouse | T-cell (CD4+CD25+ Treg, CD4+CD25- T effectors from spleen or lymph node) | D1-like | Dopamine (100 nM–10 μM) SKF-38393 (10 μM) SCH-23390 (10 μM) | ↓ T effector proliferation in co-culture with Treg with dopamine (mimicked by SKF-38393 and blocked by SCH-23390) ↓ CD3/CD28-activated IL-10 in Tregs with dopamine ↓ Treg adherence to CSPG with dopamine (mimicked by SKF-38393 and blocked by SCH-23390) | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay ELISA Adhesion assay | Kipnis et al., 2004 |
| Mouse | T-cell (CD 4+ T-cell) | D4 | Dopamine (0.1–25 μM) A412997 (100 nM) L745870 (300 nM) | ↑ Th2 differentiation ↑ Il13 gene expression | Flow cytometry qPCR | Wang, Cohen et al., 2019 |
| Mouse | Dendritic cell (bone-marrow derived, D5 KO) | D5 | SKF38393 (1 nM) SCH23390 (1 nM) | ↓ ERK1/2 phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated cells with SKF38393 ↓ IL-12 with intracellular dopamine depletion ↓ IL-23 in D5 KO | Western blot ELISA | Prado et al., 2012 |
| Mouse | Dendritic cell (bone-marrow derived) | D2 | Haloperidol (5 μg/mL) SCH23390 (3–5 μg/mL) L750667 (3–5 μg/mL) | ↓ CD80, CD86, MHC ΙІ, CD83 LPS-induced IL-12p40 with haloperidol ↓ T-cell proliferation and IFNγ in co-culture with haloperidol-treated dendritic cells ↓ Dendritic cell maturation with L750667 | Flow cytometry ELISA | Matsumoto et al., 2015 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (bone marrow–derived and RAW264.7 cell line) | D2 | Haloperidol (10 μM) L750.667 (10 μM) | ↓ LPS-stimulated CD80 in RAW cells and ↓ LPS-stimulated CD80 and CD86 in BMDM with haloperidol ↓ LPS-stimulated IL-1β, IL-6, IL12p40 and NF-κB activity in RAW cells with haloperidol ↓ LPS-stimulated CD80 and IL-6 in RAW cells with L750.667 | Flow cytometry ELISA Reporter assay | Yamamoto et al., 2016 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (bone-marrow derived) | D5 | Dopamine (500 nM–400 μM) | ↓ Pam3 or S. aureus- induced expression of IL-6 and TNF-α (blocked by D5 knockdown) ↓ S. aureus-induced IL-12 ↓ Pam3 or S. aureus-induced phosphorylation of IKK and IkBa | ELISA qPCR | Wu et al., 2020 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (bone-marrow derived) | D1 | Dopamine (150–250 μM) A-68930 (20–30 μM) | ↓ LPS-primed nigericin stimulated IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 with dopamine (blocked by D1 knockdown) A-68930 inhibited nigericin-induced IL-1β secretion | ELISA Western blot | Yan et al., 2015 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (peritoneum and RAW264.7 cell line) | D2 | Dopamine (40–1040 μM) Eticlopride (50 μM) | ↑ TNF-α and IL-12 and ↓ TGF-β, IL-10 and VEGF (blocked by eticlopride or D2 small interfering RNA) | ELISA | Qin et al., 2015 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (peritoneum and J774.1 cell line) | DR-independent (β-adrenergic) | Dopamine (100 nM–100 μM) Propranolol (1–10 μM) | ↓ IL-12 p40 expression and release from LPS-stimulated J774.1 cells with dopamine (blocked by propranolol) ↑ IL-10 in both cell types with dopamine (only blocked by propranolol in J774.1 cells) | RT-PCR ELISA | Hasko et al., 2002 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (peritoneum) | D1 | Fenoldopam (1 μM) | ↓ LPS-stimulated TNF-α and MIP-2 with fenoldopam | ELISA | Bone et al., 2017 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (peritoneum) | D1-like D2-like | Bromocryptine (8 mg/kg) Quinpirole (3 mg/kg) Sulpiride (100 mg/kg) SCH-23390 (0.5 mg/kg) | ↓ LPS-stimulated TNF-α in plasma and NO in peritoneal macrophages with bromocriptine, quinpirole and sulpiride ↓ LPS-stimulated NO in peritoneal macrophages with SCH-23390 | ELISA Griess assay | Hasko et al., 1996 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (RAW264.7 cell line) | DR-independent (β- adrenergic) | Dopamine (500 nM–50 μM) | ↑ LPS-induced NO at high concentrations ↓ NO at low concentrations | Griess assay Western blot | Chi et al., 2003 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (RAW264.7 cell line) | N/A | Dopamine (10 μM–1 mM) | ↓ TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, NLRP3, and caspase-1 mRNA and protein | Western blot qPCR | Liu et al., 2019 |
| Mouse | Mast cell (bone marrow–derived) | D1-like | Dopamine (100 pM–100 nM) SCH 23390 (100–1000 nM) | ↑ Mast cell degranulation with dopamine (blocked by SCH 23390) | β-Hexosaminidase assay | Mori et al., 2013 |
| Mouse | Microglia (BV-2 cell line) | D1-like D2-like | Isosibiricin (50 μM) SCH 23390 (1 μM) Sultopride (1 μM) | ↓ IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP3, caspase-1 with isosibiricin (blocked by SCH 23390 and sultopride) | ELISA Western blot | Wang, Yv et al., 2019 |
| Mouse | Microglia (BV-2 cell line) | N/A | Dopamine (250 μM) | ↑ Extracellular traps | Immunofluorescence | Agrawal et al., 2021 |
| Mouse | Microglia (N9 cell line) | DR-independent (α and β− adrenergic) | Dopamine (1 μM) L-DOPA (1–250 μM) | ↓ LPS-stimulated NO with dopamine ↓ LPS-stimulated NO at high concentrations of L-DOPA ↓ iNOS with dopamine | Griess assay Western blot | Chang and Liu 2000 |
| Mouse | Microglia (BV-2 cell line) | Dopamine-dependent oxidative stress | Dopamine (–100 μM) N-acetyl-L-cysteine (10 mM) | ↓ LPS-induced NO with dopamine (blocked by N-acetyl-L-cysteine) | Griess assay Western blot | Yoshioka et al., 2016 |
| Mouse | Microglia (primary) | Dopamine-dependent oxidative stress | Dopamine (1–100 μM) Sulpiride (10–30 μM) Bromocriptine (1–10 μM) N-acetyl-L-cysteine (10 mM) | ↓ LPS-induced NO with dopamine (partially inhibited by sulpiride and blocked by N-acetyl-L-cysteine) ↓ LPS-induced NO with bromocriptine | Griess assay Western blot | Yoshioka et al., 2016 |
| Mouse | Microglia (primary and BV-2 cell line) | DAT | Dopamine (2 μM) Benztropine (2 μM) Vanoxerine (2 μM) | ↓ Number of cellular processes, ↑ cell adhesion/spreading, and ↑ vimentin filaments with dopamine ↓ LPS-induced cell spreading and phagocytosis with dopamine ↓ ERK1/2 phosphorylation in activated but not resting cells with dopamine ↑ p38MAPK activity in resting but not activated cells (attenuated by benztropine and vanoxerine) | Immunofluorescence Phagocytosis assay Western blot | Fan et al., 2018 |
| Mouse | Microglia (primary) | D2 D3 | Pramipexole (100 nM–100 μM) | ↑ LPS and IFN-γ-stimulated nitrite release | Griess assay | Huck et al., 2015 |
| Mouse | Microglia (primary) | D1-like D2-like | Dopamine (1–10 μM) Dihydrexidine (10 μM) Quinpirole (10 μM) SCH23390 (10 μM) Sulpiride (10 μM) | ↓ LPS-induced NO with dopamine, dihydrexidine, and quinpirole (blocked by SCH23390 and sulpiride) ↑ Migration with dopamine, dihydrexidine, and quinpirole | ELISA Griess assay Filter assay | Farber et al., 2005 |
| Mouse | NK cell (spleen) | D1-like D2-like | SKF38393 (10–100 nM) Quinpirole (10–100 nM) SCH23390 (10 nM–1 μM) Haloperidol (10 nM–1 μM) | ↑ Cytotoxicity of NK cells against YAC-1 lymphoma cells with SKF38393 (blocked by SCH23390) ↓ Cytotoxicity of NK cells against YAC-1 lymphoma cells with quinpirole (blocked by haloperidol) | Western blot | Zhao et al., 2013 |
| Mouse | Osteoclast (bone marrow–derived) | D2-like | Pramipexole (3mg/kg) | ↓ Ex vivo osteoclastogenesis in in vivo LPS and pramipexole-treated mice | TRAP assay | Hanami et al., 2013 |
| Mouse | Splenocyte | D1-like D2-like | MPTP (20mg/kg) SKF38393 (1, 5, 10 μg/kg, 1 nM–1 μM in vitro) LY171555 (1, 5, 10 μg/kg, 1 nM–1 μM in vitro) Dopamine (1 nM–1 μM) | ↑ LPS or Con A- stimulated proliferation with SKF38393 or LY171555 in vitro and in vivo ↓ LPS or Con A- stimulated proliferation with MPTP in vivo | Proliferation assay | Tsao et al., 1997 |
| Mouse | Splenocyte | N/A | L-DOPA (10–500 μM) Dopamine (10–500 μM) | ↓ ConA and LPS-stimulated proliferation with L-DOPA and dopamine ↓ IL-2, IL-6 and IFNγ with L-DOPA and dopamine | 3H-thymidine Iincorporation assay Flow cytometry ELISA | Josefsson et al., 1996 |
| Mouse | Splenocyte | D2-like | L-DOPA (126 mg/kg) Dopamine (5 μg/kg) Domperidone (5 mg/kg) | ↓ Number of IFNγ-producing cells with dopamine ↑ In vitro Con-A-stimulated proliferation and ↓ number of IFNγ-producing cells with L-DOPA in vivo (blocked by domperidone) | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay ELISpot | Carr et al., 2003 |
| Mouse | Splenocyte (NK cells and T-cells) | DAT | N/A | ↓ Splenic NK activity in DAT deficient cells ↓ IFN-γ, IL-10, and proliferation in mitogenic-stimulated DAT deficient T-cells | ELISA | Kavelaars et al., 2005 |
| Mouse | Macrophage (peritoneum) | DAT | N/A | ↑ LPS-stimulated TNF-α and IL-10 in DAT deficient cells | ELISA | Kavelaars et al., 2005 |
| Mouse | Splenocyte Thymocyte | N/A | Dopamine (10–100 μM) | ↓ Con-A or LPS-induced splenocyte and thymocyte activation with dopamine | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay | Cook-Mills et al., 1995 |
| Mouse | Splenocyte Thymocyte | D1-like D2-like | Haloperidol (10 nM–1 μM) Chlorpromazine (10 nM–1 μM) Flupentixol (10 nM–1 μM) | ↓ Con A-induced splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation with chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and flupentixol ↓ IL-2 with haloperidol, chlorpromazine, flupentixol | 3H-thymidine incorporation assay | Boukhris et al., 1988 |
| Mouse | T-cell (CD4+, D3 and D5 KO) | D3 D5 | PD128907 (5–50 nM) SKF38393 (20 nM) | ↓ IL-2 in CD3/CD28 stimulated D3 and D5 deficient cells ↓ IL-2 in CD3/CD28 stimulated cells with PD128907 and SKF38393 | ELISA | Franz et al., 2015 |
| Mouse | T-cell (CD8+) | D3 | Dopamine (10nM–1 μM or 0.1 nmol in 200 μL in vivo) 7-OH-DPAT (100 nM or 0.1nmol in 200 μL in vivo) U-99194A (100 nM or 20 mg/kg in vivo) | ↑ Chemotactic migration with dopamine ↑ Naive T-cell migration to peritoneum with dopamine or 7-OH-DPAT ↓ Naive T-cell homing into lymph nodes with U-99194A | Chemotaxis assay Migration assay Flow cytometry | Watanabe et al., 2006 |
| Mouse | T-cell (mesenteric lymph node) | D1-like D2-like | SKF38393 (1 nM–10 μM) SCH23390 (100 nM) Quinpirole (1 nM–10 μM) Haloperidol (100 pM–100 nM) | ↓ IFNγ with SKF38393 (blocked by SCH23390); ↓ IFNγ and Con A-stimulated proliferation and ↑ IL-4 with quinpirole (blocked by haloperidol) | MTT assay Cytometric bead array | Huang et al., 2010 |
| Mouse | T-cell (CD4+, D3 KO) | D3 | N/A | ↓ IFN-γ and Foxp3 and ↑ Gata3 and IL-4 in Th2-polarized D3 deficient cells | Flow cytometry qPCR | Contreras et al., 2016 |
| Rat | Macrophage (peritoneum) | D2-like | Domperidone (10 nM) | ↓ Oxidative burst and PMA-induced burst | Flow cytometry | Carvalho-Freitas et al., 2008 |
| Rat | Macrophage (tumor tissue) | D2 | Dopamine (25–50 mg/kg) Eticlopride (7.5 mg/kg) | ↑ iNOS, CXCL9, TNF-α, IL-12 and ↓ Arginase-1, CD206, TGF-β and IL-10 with dopamine (effects blocked by eticlopride) | qPCR Western blot ELISA | Qin et al., 2015 |
| Rat | Mast cell (RBL-2H3 cell line) | D1 D2 | GLC756 (100 nM–30 μM) | ↓ IgE-activated TNF-α with GLC756 | ELISA | Laengle et al., 2006 |
| Rat | Microglia (primary) | N/A | Dopamine (10 μM) | ↓ LPS-induced NO with dopamine | ELISA Griess assay | Farber et al., 2005 |
| Rat | T-cell | D3 | L-DOPA (30 mg/kg) Carbidopa (10 mg/kg) | ↑ IFN-γ, VLA-4 and CD25 with L-DOPA and carbidopa | RT-PCR Flow cytometry | Ilani et al., 2004 |
ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; iNOS, NO synthase; N/A, not applicable; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VLA-4, very late antigen 4.