Characteristics of EV populations and subpopulations
| Population | Subpopulation | Size | Suggested Marker or Cargo | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exosomes | 30–150 nm | Syntenin, LAMP1/2, ALIX, TSG101, CD63 | (Andreu and Yáñez-Mó, 2014; Greening et al., 2017; Mathieu et al., 2021) | |
| Ectosomes | 50–10,000 nm | Annexin A1/2, basigin, SLC3A2 | (Jeppesen et al., 2019; Mathieu et al., 2021) | |
| Apoptotic bodies | 50–2000 nm | ICAM-3, phosphatidylserine, histones, mitochondrial content | (Fadok et al., 1992; Martínez and Freyssinet, 2001; Taylor et al., 2008; Torr et al., 2012; Atkin-Smith et al., 2015) | |
| Exopheres | ∼3.5 μm | Phosphatidylserine, LC3, mitochondrial content | (Melentijevic et al., 2017; Nicolás-Ávila et al., 2020) | |
| Large oncosomes | 1–10 μm | Cytokeratin 18, caveolin-1, ARF6, GAPDH, HSPA5 | (Di Vizio et al., 2012; Minciacchi et al., 2015) | |
| Intracellular membrane-derived ectosomes | 50–120 nm | Phosphatidylserine, cytokines | (Sun et al., 2021) | |
| ARMMs | ∼50 nm | TSG101, VSP4 | (Nabhan et al., 2012) | |
| Midbody remnants | 200–600 nm | Microtubules | (Rai et al., 2021) | |
| Migrasomes | 50–100 nm | TSPAN4, TSPAN7, cholesterol, integrins | (Huang et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2019) | |
| Protrusion-derived ectosomes | ∼30 nm | Cholesterol, HSP90, cytoskeletal proteins, prominin-1 | (Hu et al., 2019; Nishimura et al., 2021; Hurbain et al., 2022; D’Angelo et al., 2023) | |
| Extracellular particles (biogenesis unknown) | Exomeres | HSP90, argonaute, amyloid precursor proteins | (Zhang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019) | |
| Supermeres | TGF-βI, HSPA13, enolase 2 | (Zhang et al., 2021) |