Overview of regenerative function comparison studies between lEVs and sEVs
| Therapeutic Target | EV Source | Non-EV Removal | Fractionsa | EV Marker Enrichment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kidney In vitro: murine tubular epithelial cells In vivo: acute kidney injury mouse model | Bone marrow MSCs | 3000 × g | tEV-100K lEV-10K sEV-100K | lEV: CD29, CD44, CD73, CD105 sEV: CD63, CD9, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD105 | (Bruno et al., 2017) |
| Kidney In vitro: human umbilical vein endothelial cells In vivo: acute kidney injury mouse model | Endothelial colony-forming cells | 2500 × g | lEV-20K sEV-100K | lEV: Caveolin-1 sEV: TSG101, CD63 | (Burger et al., 2015) |
| Kidney In vitro: murine tubular epithelial cells | Bone marrow MSCs | 1500 × g | HD-EV MD-EV LD-EV | HD-EV: CD29, annexin A2 MD-EV: CD63, CD81, CD29, integrin α5, annexin A2, HLA-1 LD-EV: none | (Collino et al., 2017) |
| Immune cells In vitro: T- and B- cells In vivo: Collagen-induced arthritis mouse model | Bone marrow MSCs | 300 + 2500 × g Filter 0.22 μm | tEV-100K lEV-18K sEV-100K | lEV: Sca-1, CD44, CD29 sEV: CD9 and CD81, HSP70, TSG101, ALIX | (Cosenza et al., 2018) |
| Cartilage In vitro: murine chondrocytes In vivo: Collagen-induced arthritis mouse model | Murine bone marrow MSCs | 300 + 2500 × g Filter 0.22 μm | lEV-18K sEV-100K | lEV: CD29, CD44 and Sca-1 sEV: CD9, CD81 | (Cosenza et al., 2017) |
| Neural tissue In vitro: cortical neuron culture and dorsal root ganglia cultures | Menstrual MSCs | 200 + 2000 × g | tEV-100K lEV-10K sEV-100K | lEV: CD73, CD90, CD105, integrin α1, CD63, HLA-1 sEV: CD63, TSG101, HSP70, HSP90 | (Lopez-Verrilli et al., 2016) |
| Neural tissue In vitro: dopaminergic neuron (suspension-like) culture | SHEDs cultured in a bioreactor | 300 + 2000 × g | lEV-20K sEV-100K | (Jarmalavičiūtė et al., 2015) | |
| Pancreas In vivo: diabetes mouse model | Pathfinder cells | 1000 × g | lEV-16K sEV-120K | lEV: Integrin-β1, CD40 sEV: CD9, CD63, CD81, TSG101, Rab5B, integrin β1 | (McGuinness et al., 2016) |
| Endothelium In vitro: human aortic endothelial cells | Plasma samples of chronic coronary syndrome patients and healthy controls | Filter 1 μm Filter 0.2 μm | lEV-16K sEV-100K | lEV: TSG101 sEV: TSG101, CD63, CD81 | (Kränkel et al., 2020) |
aEV fractions showing significant regenerative effects are marked in bold, whereas damaging effects are marked in italic and underlined. Total EV (tEV).