Summary
Cerebral capillary endothelium forms a barrier limiting and controlling the movement of ions and solutes between blood and brain. Recent anatomical, physiological and biochemical studies have suggested the possibility that capillary function may be directly controlled by neuronal structures. Alterations in neuronal systems involved in the regulation of microcirculation may account for microvascular dysfunctions which occur in different pathologic conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adachi, M., Rosenblum, W.I., and Feigin, I., Hypertensive disease and cerebral edema. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat.29 (1966) 451–455.
Alborch, E., Martin, G., and Baguena, P., Influence of cholinergic receptors on cerebral blood flow of the goat. Acta neurol. scand.56, suppl. 64 (1977) 298–299.
Ando, K., A histochemical study on the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in cats. Cell Tissue Res.217 (1981) 55–64.
Baca, G.M., and Palmer, G.C., Presence of hormonally-sensitive adenylate cyclase receptors in capillary-enriched fractions from rat cerebral cortex. Blood Vess.15 (1978) 286–298.
Bar, T., Morphometric evaluation of capillaries in different laminae of rat cerebral cortex by automatic image analysis: changes during development and aging. Adv. Neurol.20 (1978) 1–9.
Bates, D., Weinshilboum, R.M., Campbell, R.J., and Sundt, M.T. Jr, The effect of lesions of the locus coeruleus on the physiological responses of the cerebral blood vessels in cats. Brain Res.136 (1977) 431–443.
Bertler, A., Falk, B., Owman, C.H., and Rosengren, E., The localization of monoaminergic blood-brain barrier mechanisms. Pharmac. Rev.18 (1966) 369–385.
Betz, A.L., and Goldstein, G.W., Polarity of the blood-brain barrier: neutral aminoacid transport into isolated brain capillaries. Science202 (1978) 225–227.
Betz, A.L., Firth, J.A., and Goldstein, G.W., Polarity of the blood-brain barrier. Distribution of enzymes between the luminal and antiluminal membranes of brain capillary endothelial cells. Brain Res.192 (1980) 17–28.
Brendel, K., Meezan, E., and Carlson, E.C., Isolated brain microvessels: a purified, metabolically active preparation from bovine cerebral cortex. Science185 (1974) 953–955.
Broun, L.D., Cornford, E.M., and Oldendorf, W.H., New-born rabbit blood-brain barrier is selectively permeable and differs substantially from the adult. J. Neurochem.34 (1980) 147–152.
Burns, E.M., Kruckeberg, T.W., Comerford, L.E., and Buschman, M.B.T., Thinning of capillary wall and declining number of endothelial mitochondria in the cerebral cortex of the aging primate, Macaca nemestrine. J. Geront.34 (1979) 642–650.
Chan-Palay, V., Innervation of cerebral blood vessels by norepinephrine, indoleamine, substance P and neurotensin fibers and the leptomeningeal indoleamine axons: their roles in vasomotor activity and local alterations of brain blood composition, in: Neurogenic control of brain circulation, pp. 39–53. Eds C. Owman and L. Edvinsson. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977.
Cuello, A.C., and Iversen, L.L., Interactions of dopamine with other neurotransmitters in the rat substantia nigra: a possible functional role of dendritic dopamine, in: Interactions between putative neurotransmitters in the brain, pp. 127–149. Eds S. Garattini, J.F. Pujol and R. Samanin. Raven Press, New York 1978.
D'Alecy, L.G., and Rose, C.T., Parasympathetic cholinergic control of cerebral blood flow in dogs. Circulation Res.41 (1977) 324–331.
Davson, H., The blood-brain barrier. J. Physiol.255 (1976) 1–28.
Dermietzel, R., Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat. IV. Interendothelial junctions of cerebral blood vessels from selected areas of the brain. Cell Tissue Res.164 (1976) 45–62.
Di Carlo, V., Histochemical evidence for a serotoninergic innervation of the microcirculation in the brain stem, in: Neurogenic control of the brain circulation, pp. 55–58. Eds C. Owman and L. Edvinsson, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977.
Duckles, S.P., Evidence for a functional cholinergic innervation of cerebral arteries. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther.217 (1981) 544–548.
Edvinsson, L., Sympathetic control of cerebral circulation. Trends Neurosci.5 (1982) 425–429.
Edvinsson, L., Neurogenic mechanisms in the cerebrovascular bed. Autonomic nerves, amine receptors and their effects on cerebral blood flow. Acta physiol. scand.,suppl.427 (1975) 1–35.
Edvinsson, L., and MacKenzie, E.T., Amine mechanisms in the cerebral circulation. Pharmac. Rev.28 (1977) 275–348.
Edvinsson, L., and Uddman, R., Immunohistochemical localization and dilatory effect of substance P on human cerebral vessels. Brain Res.232 (1982) 466–471.
Edvinsson, L., Lindvall, M., Nielsen, K.C., and Owman, Ch., Are brain vessels innervated also by central (non-sympathetic) adrenergic neurons. Brain Res.63 (1973) 496–499.
Edvinsson, L., Aubineau, P., Owman, C.H., Sercombe, R., and Seylaz, J., Sympathetic innervation of cerebral arteries: prejunctional supersensitivity to norepinephrine after sympathectomy or cocaine treatment. Stroke6 (1975) 525–530.
Edvinsson, L., Nielsen, K.C., Owman, C., and Sporrong, B., Cholinergic mechanisms in pial vessels. Histochemistry, election microscopy and pharmacology. Zellforschung143 (1972) 311–325.
Edvinsson, L., Deguerce, A., Duverger, D., MacKenzie, E.T., and Scatton, B., Central serotoninergic nerves project to the pial vessels of the brain. Nature306 (1983) 55–57.
Ekstrom-Jadal, B., Elfverson, J., and Von Essen, C., Cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in severe arterial hypoxia in dogs. Acta neurol. scand.60 (1979) 26–35.
Embree, L.J.G., Kackson, D.W., Ordway, F., and Roubein, I.F., Aging effect on the noradrenaline content of rat brain microvessels. Soc. Neurosci.6 (1980) 282; abstr.
Enoch, P.E., Kontos, H.A., and Said, S.I., Mechanism of action of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on cerebral arterioles. Am. J. Physiol.39 (1980) 765–768.
Estrada, C., and Krause, D.N., Muscarinic cholinergic receptor sites in cerebral blood vessels. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther.221 (1982) 85–90.
Garcia, J.H., Ben-David, E., Conger, K.A., Geer, J.L., and Hollander, W., Arterial hypertension injures brain capillaries. Stroke12 (1981) 410–414.
Giacomelli, F., Wiener, J., and Spara, D., The cellular pathology of experimental hypertension. Am. J. Path.59 (1970) 133–142.
Goldstein, G.W., Relation of potassium transport to oxidative metabolism in isolated brain capillaries. J. Physiol.286 (1979) 185–195.
Goldstein, G.W., Wolinsky, J.S., Csejtey, J., and Diamond, I., Isolation of metabolically active capillaries from rat brain. J. Neurochem.25 (1975) 715–717.
Goldstein, G.W., Pathogenesis of brain edema and hemorrhage: role of brain capillary. Pediatrics69 (1979) 357–360.
Griffith, S.G., Lincoln, J., and Burnstock, G., Serotonin as a neurotransmitter in cerebral arteries. Brain Res.247 (1982) 388–392.
Hartman, B.K., The innervation of cerebral blood vessels by central adrenergic neurons, in: Frontiers in Catecholamine Research, pp. 91–96. Eds E. Usdin and S. Snyder. Pergamon Press, New York 1973.
Hartman, B.K., Zide, D., and Udenfriend, S., The use of dopamine β-hydroxylase as a marker for the central noradrenergic nervous system in rat brain. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA69 (1972) 2722–2726.
Healton, E.B., Brust, J.C., Feinfeld, D.F., and Thomson, G.E., Hypertensive encephalopathy and the neurologic manifestations of malignant hypertension. Neurology32 (1982) 127.
Heistad, D.D., Marcus, M.L., Said, S.I., and Gross, P.M., Effect of acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal peptide on cerebral blood flow. Am. J. Physiol.239 (1980) H73-H80.
Heistad, D.D., and Marcus, M.C., Effect of sympathetic stimulation on permeability of the blood-brain barrier to albumin during acute hypertension in cats. Circulation Res.45 (1979) 331–338.
Hendry, S.H.C., Jones, E.G., and Beinfeld, M.C., Cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons in rat and monkey cerebral cortex make symmetric synapses and have intimate associations with blood vessels. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci.80 (1983) 2400–2404.
Herbst, T.J., Raichle, M.E., and Ferrendelli, J.A., β-Adrenergic regulation of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate concentration in brain microvessels. Science204 (1979) 330–332.
Hernandez, M.J., Brennan, R.W., and Bowman, G.S., Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the newborn dog. Brain Res.184 (1980) 199–202.
Huang, M., and Rorstad, O.P., Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, monoamines, prostaglandins and 2-chloroadenosine on adenylate cyclase in rat cerebral microvessels. J. Neurochem.40 (1983) 719–725.
Hunziker, O., Abdel'as, S., and Schulz, V., The aging human cerebral cortex: a stereological characterization of changes in the capillary net. J. Geront.34 (1979) 345–350.
Iijima, T., A histochemical study of the innervation of cerebral blood vessels in the turtle. J. comp. Neurol.176 (1977) 307–314.
Iijima, T., and Wasamo, T., A histochemical and ultrastructural study of serotonin-containing nerves in cerebral blood vessels of the lamprey. Anat. Rev.198 (1980) 671–680.
Harrot, B., Hjelle, J.T., and Spector, S., Association of histamine with cerebral microvessels in regions of bovine brain. Brain Res.168 (1979) 323–330.
Johansson, C.E., Permeability and vascularity of the developing brain. Brain Res.190 (1980) 3–16.
Johansson, B., Li, C.L., Olsson, Y., and Klatzo, I., The effect of acute arterial hypertension on the blood-brain barrier to protein tracers. Acta neuropath.16 (1970) 117–127.
Johansson, B., and Linder, L.E., Reversibility of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by acute hypertension. Acta neurol. scand.57 (1978) 345–348.
Joo, F., and Karnushina, I., A procedure for isolation of capillaries from rat brain. Cytobios8 (1973) 41–48.
Karcsu, S., Toth, L., Kiraly, E., and Jancso, G., Evidence for the neuronal origin of brain capillary acetylcholinoesterase activity. Brain Res.206 (1981) 203–207.
Karnushina, K., Palacios, J.M., Barbin, G., Dux, E., Joo, F., and Schwartz, J.C., Studies on a capillary-rich fraction isolated from brain: histaminergic components and characterization of the histamine receptors linked to adenylate cyclase. J. Neurochem.34 (1980) 1201–1208.
Kobayashi, H., Memo, M., Spano, P.F., and Trabucchi, M., Identification of beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites in rat brain microvessels using125I-iodohydroxybenzylpindolol. J. Neurochem.36 (1981) 1383–1388.
Kobayashi, H., Frattola, L., Ferrarese, C., Spano, P.F., and Trabucchi, M., Characterization of β-adrenergic receptors on human cerebral microvessels. Neurology32 (1982) 1384–1387.
Kobayashi, H., Maoret, T., Ferrante, M., Spano, P.F., and Trabucchi, M., Subtypes of beta-adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral microvessels. Brain Res.220 (1981) 194–197.
Kobayashi, H., Cazzaniga, A., Spano, P.F., and Trabucchi, M., Ontogenesis of alpha and beta-receptors located on cerebral microvessels. Brain Res.242 (1982) 358–360.
Kobayashi, H., Wada, A., Izumi, F., Magnoni, M.S., and Trabucchi, M., Alpha adrenergic receptor function in brain microvessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation Res., in press.
Kobayashi, H., Maoret, T., Spano, P.F., and Trabucchi, M., Effect of age on beta-adrenergic receptors on cerebral microvessels. Brain Res.244 (1982) 374–377.
Kogure, K., Scheinberg, P., Matsumoto, P.A., Busto, P., and Reinmuth, O.M., Catecholamines in experimental brain ischemia. Archs Neurol.32 (1975) 21–28.
Kuschinsky, W., and Wahl, M., Local chemical and neurogenic regulation of cerebral vascular resistance. Physiol. Rev.58 (1978) 656–689.
Lai, F.M., Udenfriend, S., and Spector, S., Presence of norepinephrine and related enzymes in isolated brain microvessels. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA72 (1975) 4622–4625.
Larsson, L.I., Edvinsson, L.E., Fahrenkrug, J., Hakanson, R., Owman, C.H., Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, O., and Sundler, F., Immunohistochemical localization of a dilatory polypeptide (VIP) in cerebrovascular nerves. Brain Res.113 (1976) 400–404.
Le Beux, Y.T., and Willamot, J., Actin- and myosin-like filaments in rat brain pericytes. J. exp. Neurol.58 (1978) 446–454.
Lindvall, M., in: Blood flow and metabolism in the brain, pp. 17–24. Eds A.M. Harger, W.B. Jennet, J.D. Miller and J.O. Roman. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg 1975.
MacKenzie, E.T., McCulloch, J., and O'Keane, M., Influence of endogenous norepinephrine on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Am. J. Physiol.231 (1976) 489–495.
MacKenzie, E.T., and Edvinsson, L., in: Cerebral circulation and Neurotransmitters, pp. 163–171. Eds A. Bes and G. Gerand. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam 1980.
MacKenzie, E.T., Strandgaard, S., and Graham, D.I., Effects of acutely induced hypertension in cats on pial arteriolar caliber, local cerebral blood flow and the blood-brain barrier. Circulation Res.39 (1976) 33–41.
Magnoni, M.S., Govoni, S., and Trabucchi, M., effect of cerebral ischemia on microvessel adrenergic receptor function, in: Cerebral ischemia, pp. 75–80. Eds A. Bes, P. Braquet, R. Paoletti and B.K. Siejo, Elsevier North Holland, Amsterdam 1984.
Magnoni, M.S., Govoni, S., Pasinetti, G., Kobayashi, H., and Trabucchi, M., Asymmetry in microvessel nuerochemical changes induced by ischemia is partially reversed by corpus callosum section, in: Clinical Neuropharmacology, vol. 7, suppl. 1. pp. 510–511. Eds G. Racagni, R. Paoletti and P. Kielholz. Raven Press, New York 1984.
Magnoni, M.S., Kobayashi, H., Cazzaniga, A., Izumi, F., Spano, P.F., and Trabucchi, M., Hypertension reduces the number of beta-adrenergic receptors in rat brain microvessels. Circulation Res.67 (1983) 610–613.
Magnoni, M.S., Kobayashi, H., Trezzi, E., Catapano, A., Spano, P.F., and Trabucchi, M., Beta-adrenergic receptors in brain microvessels of diabetic rats. Life Sci.34 (1984) 1095–1100.
Materossi, C., Maoret, T., Rozzini, R., Spano, P.F., and Trabucchi, M., Effect of right middle cerebral artery occlusion on striatal dopaminergic function. J. neuronal Transmission53 (1982) 257–264.
Mc Culloch, J., and Edvinsson, L., The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide upon pial arteriolar calibre, cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen consumption and the elecroencephalogram. Am. J. Physiol.238 (1980) 449–456.
Meier-Ruge, W., Hunziker, O., Schulz, U., Tobler, H.J., and Schweizer, A., Stereological changes in the capillary network and nerve cells of the aging human brain. Mech. Ageing Dev.14 (1980) 233–243.
Meyer, J.S., Shinohara, Y., Kanda, T., Fukunchi, Y., Ericsson, A.D., and Kok, N., Diaschisis resulting from acute unilateral cerebral infarction. Archs Neurol.23 (1970) 241–247.
Nathanson, J.A., and Glaser, G.H., Identification of beta-adrenergic sensitive adenylate cyclase in intracranial blood vessels. Nature278 (1979) 567–569.
Nathanson, J.A., Cerebral microvessels contain a β2-adrenergic receptor. Life Sci.26 (1980) 1793–1799.
Nell, J.H., and Welch, M.A., Cerebral microvessel 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake during ischemia-induced seizures. Ann. Neurol.7 (1980) 457–461.
Nielsen, K.C., and Owman, C.H., Adrenergic innervation of pial arteries related to the circle of Willis in the cat. Brain Res.6 (1967) 773–776.
Nielsen, K.C., and Owman, C., Contractile response and amine receptor mechanisms in isolated middle cerebral artery of the cat. Brain Res.27 (1971) 33–43.
Ohata, M., Sundaram, U., Frederic, W.R., and London, E.D., Rapport, S., Regional cerebral blood flow during development and aging. Brain Res.104 (1981) 319–332.
Onoyama, K., and Omae, T., Leakage of serum proteins in brain tissues in experimentally induced renal hypertension. Acta neurol. scand.49 (1973) 339–344.
Ordy, J.M., Kaack, B., and Brizzee, K.R., Life span neurochemical changes in the human and non human primate brain, in: Aging vol. 1, pp. 133–191. Eds H. Brody, D. Hartman and J.M. Ordy. Raven Press, New York 1975.
Owman, C., Edvinsson, L., and Hardebo, J.E., Immunohistochemical demonstration of actin and myosin in brain capillaries. Acta neurol. scand. suppl.56 (1977) 384–385.
Owman, C., Edvinsson, L., and Hardebo, J.E., Immunohistochemical demonstration of actin and myosin in brain capillaries. Adv. Neurol.20 (1978) 35–37.
Palmer, G.C., and Palmer, S.J., 5′-Guanylyl-imidodiphosphate actions im homogenates of rat cerebral cortex plus neuronal and capillary fractions. Life Sci.23 (1978) 207–215.
Palmer, G.C., Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate adenyate cyclase responses in rat cerebral capillaries. Neuropharmacology19 (1980) 17–23.
Palmer, G.C., Diminished adenyate cyclase responses in frontal cortex and cerebral capillaries of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem. Pharmac.28 (1978) 2847–2848.
Palmer, G.C., Wilson, G.L., Palmer, S.J., and Chronister, B., Streptozotocin-induced diabetes influences receptor activation of adenylate cyclase in rat retina, microvessels, cerebrum and pia arachnoid. Fedn Proc.41 (1982) 1227.
Pardridge, W.M., and Mietus, L.J., Kinetic of neutral aminoacids transport through the blood-brain barrier of the new-born rabbits. J. Neurochem.38 (1982) 955–962.
Peroutka, S.J., Moskowitz, M.A., Peinhard, J.F., Jr, and Snyder, S.H., Neurotransmitter receptor binding in bovine cerebral microvessels. Science208 (1980) 610–612.
Pittman, R.N., Minneman, K.P., and Molinoff, P.B., Ontogeny of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Brain Res.188 (1980) 357–368.
Preskorn, S.H., Hartman, B.K., Raichll, M.E., and Clark, H.B., The effect of dibenzazepines (tricyclic antidepressants) on cerebral capillary permeability in the rat in vivo. J. Pharmac. exp. Ther.213 (1980) 313–320.
Preskorn, S.H., Irwin, G.H., Simpson, S., Friesen, D., Rinne, J., and Jerkovich, G., Medical therapies for mood disorders alter the blood-brain barrier. Science213 (1981) 469–471.
Raichle, M.E., Hartman, B.K., Eichling, J.O., and Sharpe, L.G., Central noradrenergic regulation of cerebral blood flow and vascular permeability. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA72 (1975) 3726–3730.
Raichle, M.E., Eichling, J.O., Grubb, R.L. Jr, and Hartman, B.K., Central noradrenergic regulation of brain microcirculation, in: Dynamics of brain Edema, pp. 11–17. Eds H.M. Pappins and W.M. Feindel. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1976.
Reese, T.S., and Karnovsky, M.J., Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase. J. Cell Biol.34 (1967) 207–217.
Reinhard, J.F., Liebman, J.E., Schlosberg, A.J., and Moskowitz, M.A., Serotonin neurons project to small blood vessels in the brain. Science206 (1979) 85–87.
Rennels, M.L., and Nelson, E., Capillary innervation in the mamalian central nervous system. An electron microscopic demonstration. Am. J. Anat.144 (1975) 233–241.
Rennels, M.L., and Forbers, M.S., Anders, J.J., and Nelson, E., Innervation of the microcirculation in the central nervous system and other tissues, in: Neurogenic control of the brain circulation, pp. 91–104. Eds C. Owman and L. Edvinsson. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977.
Robinson, R.G., Bloom, F.E., and Battemberg, E.L.F., A fluorescent histochemical study of changes in noradrenergic neurons following experimental cerebral infarction in the rat. Brain Res.132 (1977) 259–272.
Robinson, R.G., Shoemaker, W.J., Schlumpf, M., Valk, T., and Bloom, F., Effect of experimental cerebral infarction in rat brain on catecholamines and behavior. Nature255 (1975) 332–334.
Rosenblum, W.I., Neurogenic control of cerebral circulation. Stroke2 (1971) 429–439.
Saunders, N.R., Ontogeny of the blood-brain barrier. Exp. Eye Res. suppl. (1977) 523–550.
Schivers, R.R., Effect of hyperglicemia on brain capillary permeability in the lizard anolis carolinensis. Brain Res.170 (1979) 509–522.
Schivers, R.R., Blood-brain barrier of a reptile, anolis carolinensis. Freeze fracture study. Brain Res.169 (1979) 221–230.
Slater, R., Reivich, M., Goldberg, H., Banka, R., and Greenberg, J., Diaschisis with cerebral infarctions. Stroke8 (1977) 684–690.
Spatz, M., Mrsulja, B.B., Micic, D., Mrsulja, B.J., and Klatzo, I., Ischemic and post-ischemic effects on 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in cerebral capillaries. Brain Res.120 (1977) 141–145.
Stauber, W.T., Ong, S.H., and McCuskey, R.S., Selective extravascular escape of albumin into the cerebral cortex of the diabetic rat. Diabetes30 (1981) 500–503.
Swanson, L.W., Connelly, M.A., and Hartman, B.K., Ultrastructural evidence for central monoaminergic innervation of blood vessels in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res.136 (1977) 166–173.
Welch, K.M.A., Chabi, E., Buckingham, J., Bergin, B., Achar, V.S., and Meyer, J.S., Catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in ischemic brain. Stroke8 (1977) 341–346.
White, F.P., Dutton, G.R., and Norenberg, M.D., Microvessels isolated from rat brain: localization of astrocyte processes by immunohistochemicla techniques. J. Neurochem.36 (1981) 328–332.
Wilson, D.A., O'Neill, T., Said, S.I., and Traystman, R.J., Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the canine cerebral circulation. Circulation Res.48 (1981) 138–148.
Wurtman, R.J., and Zervas, N.T., Monoamine neurotransmitters and pathophysiology of stroke and central nervous trauma. J. Neurosurg.40 (1974) 34–36.
Zaren, H.A., Weinstein, J.D., and Langfitt, T.W., Experimental ischemic brain swelling. J. Neurosurg.32 (1970) 227–235.
Zervas, N.T., Hori, H., Negora, M., Wurtman, R.J., Larin F., and Lavyne, M.H., Reducation in brain dopamine following experimental cerebral ischemia. Nature247 (1974) 283–284.
Zervas, N.T., Lavyne, M.H., and Negoro, M., Neurotransmitters and the normal and ischemic cerebral circulation. New Engl. J. Med.293 (1975) 812–816.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kobayashi, H., Magnoni, M.S., Govoni, S. et al. Neuronal control of brain microvessel function. Experientia 41, 427–434 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966140
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01966140