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Pharmacological validation of voluntary gait and mechanical sensitivity assays associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice
2018, NeuropharmacologyCitation Excerpt :A shift in pain-detection threshold and hypersensitivity to thermal/mechanical stimuli are key components of this experience. Historically, these aspects of stimulus-evoked assessment of pain-related behaviors - such as Hargreaves' and von Frey filament-based assessment of thermal and mechanical sensitivity (Hargreaves et al., 1988; Chaplan et al., 1994), tail-flick, paw flinching, licking/biting and guarding assessments (Cargill et al., 1985; Seltzer et al., 1990; Wheeler-Aceto et al., 1990) - have primarily been detected and quantified in preclinical animal models of painful pathologies. However, the ongoing failure to develop efficacious, new-generation analgesic drugs has led to a re-evaluation of the field's reliance on these evoked and/or reflexive assessments of pain-related behaviors in preclinical animal models (Mao, 2009; Berge, 2011; Percie du Sert and Rice, 2014; Clark, 2016).
Usefulness of the tail-flick reflex in the prognosis of functional recovery in paraplegic rats
2008, Surgical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :Laboratory rats are the most commonly used animals for studying experimental SCIs. The TFR in rats is a classic nociceptive test originally described by D'Amour and Smith [4], in which pinching of the tail or hind leg produces a withdrawal response [2]. The TFR is a general flexor withdrawal reflex that functions in intact as well as in decerebrated rats [9].
Microinjection of renin-angiotensin system peptides in discrete sites within the rat periaqueductal gray matter elicits antinociception
2003, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :PAG shows AII receptor binding [18] that is located caudally in the ventrolateral PAG (AT-2 type), DRN (AT-1 type) and over the lateral dorsotegmental nucleus. The tail-flick response to noxious heat is a spinal reflex [5] whose depression by injecting RAS peptides into the PAG is likely to be detected only if spinal mechanisms were depressed. Thus, it appears that the PAG has most of the elements required to initiate the descending control of a noxious response through a local mechanism involving the RAS activation.