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2021, Medical HypothesesThe dual action of estrogen hypothesis
2015, Trends in NeurosciencesMembrane progestin receptors in the midbrain ventral tegmental area are required for progesterone-facilitated lordosis of rats
2013, Hormones and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :P4's actions in the VTA, an area of the brain with few E2 induced nPRs, influence the intensity and duration of sexual receptivity of rodents exclusively through non-classical, rapid actions at neuronal membranes (reviewed in Frye, 2001a,b, 2009). In support, free P4 and P4 bound to large macromolecules, such as P4:BSA, P4:HRP conjugates, that are impermeable have similar effects to rapidly enhance lordosis when applied to the VTA (Frye and DeBold, 1993; Frye and Gardiner, 1996; Frye et al., 1992), suggesting that P4 does not have to diffuse through the cell membrane to have its actions in the VTA. When administered directly to the VTA, P4 increases cell firing in the VTA within 60 s, and facilitates lordosis within 5 min (Frye and Bayon, 1999).
6-Hydroxydopamine lesions enhance progesterone-facilitated lordosis of rats and hamsters, independent of effects on motor behavior
2010, Physiology and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :Infusions of PR antagonists or anti-sense oligonucleotides to the VMH attenuate lordosis of rats and hamsters, but infusions of these same substances to the VTA do not inhibit lordosis [18,19]. VTA-targeted implants of P4 conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA), which does not cross cell membranes, and free P4, which penetrates cell membranes freely, are equally effective at facilitating lordosis of female rodents when applied to the VTA, but only free P4, and not P4 conjugates, facilitate lordosis when applied to the VMH [20–22]. In addition, P4's 5α-reduced metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), which is devoid of affinity for PRs [23], but is a potent positive modulator of membrane bound γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptor complexes (GBRs) [24,25], and which have been localized to the VMH and VTA [15,16], facilitates lordosis when applied to the VTA of rats and hamsters [26,27].
Infusions of bicuculline to the ventral tegmental area attenuates sexual, exploratory, and anti-anxiety behavior of proestrous rats
2009, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior