Experimental botulism in monkeys—A clinical pathological study
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Toxin analysis using mass spectrometry
2019, Microbial ForensicsSevere Nervous System Complications After Botulinum Type A Therapy: Three Case Reports With Reviews of FDA-Reported Nervous System Adverse Effects
2012, PM and RCitation Excerpt :To prove causality between the toxin and an adverse event, we need to know whether we have markers establishing this relationship. Autopsies of people [35,36] and animals [35] that died from botulism did not show any signs specific to the primary cause of death [36,37]. Cowdry and Nickolson [35] found chromatolytic changes of the Nissl granules in the motor neurons of experimental animals killed with the toxin and in human victims of botulism, but later studies did not confirm those results.
Toxin Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry
2011, Microbial ForensicsForensic Aspects of Biological Toxins
2011, Microbial ForensicsClinical use of botulinum toxins in oral and maxillofacial surgery
2010, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryCitation Excerpt :It is 4 times more lethal in mice than tetanus toxin, 1 × 1010 more lethal than curare, and 100 × 1010 more lethal than sodium cyanide33. The estimated human dose (assuming a weight of 70 kg) of type A toxin lethal to 50% of an exposed population (the LD50) is estimated, based on animal studies, to be approximately 0.09–0.15 μg by intravenous administration, 0.7–0.9 μg by inhalation and 70 μg by oral administration76,96,180,188. Based on findings from primate studies, human LD50 for intramuscular BTX injection is estimated at 2500–3000 U for a 70-kg adult (35–40 U/kg).
Clostridium botulinum type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update
2023, Frontiers in Microbiology
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