Exposure to a nonfunctional hot plate as a factor in the assessment of morphine-induced analgesia and analgesic tolerance in rats
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Cited by (101)
Evaluating pain behaviours: Widely used mechanical and thermal methods in rodents
2023, Behavioural Brain ResearchRepeated “Day 1” FOB testing in ICH S7A safety assessment protocols: The influence of within- and between-session learning
2017, Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological MethodsCitation Excerpt :The slopes of the dose-response functions were completely dependent upon treatment condition. These conclusions extend the results of van Ree and Leys (1985) and Bardo and Hughes (1979), and further demonstrates the effects of repeated exposures independent of drug administration. The slopes of the dose-response functions were completely different if the test was conducted in rats that were naïve to the open field arena when compared to those that had been tested in 5 min open field tests on four occasions following the PCP administrations.
Functions of the temporomandibular system in extracranial chronic pain conditions: Modulatory effects on nocifensive behavior in an animal model
2014, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological TherapeuticsCitation Excerpt :Because the magnitude of the antinociceptive effects from mastication appear relatively small, the hot plate test may be too insensitive a test with too high a variance to usefully demonstrate such effects, particularly when other effects are simultaneously taking place, such as the nociceptive effects of the CFA, antinociceptive effect due to the DNIC caused by the CFA, the weak noxious stimulus due to saline injection45 probably not activating the DNIC, and so forth. Moreover, the hot plate test itself has been criticized as being too susceptible to other factors,46 including complex behavioral patterns47 that can be easily modified,48–53 heterotopic stimuli involving large body areas, which likely triggers diffuse inhibitory controls, thus potentially masking one type of pain by another.54,55 Consequently, alternative tests may need to be used to further characterize the results reported here.
Classical conditioning and pain: Conditioned analgesia and hyperalgesia
2014, Acta PsychologicaThe influence of non-nociceptive factors on hot-plate latency in rats
2011, Journal of PainCitation Excerpt :Our finding that the correlation disappears for rats over 300 g and also does not occur in female rats indicates that other unknown factors (eg, changes in skin sensitivity, hormone levels) mitigate this relationship. The decrease in hot-plate latency with repeated testing has been reported numerous times before.3,7-9,14,15,22 This decrease occurs whether animals are tested once a day or once a week, but is less likely to occur with repeated tests during a single session.10
Analgesia in amphibians: Preclinical studies and clinical applications
2011, Veterinary Clinics of North America - Exotic Animal PracticeCitation Excerpt :Even the most rudimentary cerebral and limbic cortex does not appear until class Reptilia. In this sense, the use of amphibians may represent a “purer” model system for the study of nociception, possibly without the additional factors of learning and conditioning that can interfere with the accurate measurement of analgesia in mammals.42 The first successful algesiometric model developed in the amphibian was described by Pezalla,43 who used dilute concentrations of cutaneously applied acetic acid and watched for a wiping response.
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We thank Endo Laboratories for their contribution of naloxone hydrochloride.