Increased levels of circulating ICAM-1 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis. Correlation with TNF-α and blood-brain barrier damage
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2016, European Journal of PharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) mediates the capture of pathogenic CD4+ T cells on the BBB endothelium and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) arrests T cells on the BBB and assists with T cell diapedesis across the BBB. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. In active MS and EAE lesions, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglial cells show diffuse overexpression and increased activity (Lee and Benveniste, 1999; Carrithers et al., 2000; Sharief et al., 1993; Rieckmann et al., 1993). ICAM1−/− mice show attenuated EAE, with markedly reduced T cell infiltration in the spinal cord (Bullard et al., 2007).
The blood-brain barrier in neuroimmunology: Tales of separation and assimilation
2015, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
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