ArticleThe discovery of self-stimulation and other stories
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Seeking motivation and reward: Roles of dopamine, hippocampus, and supramammillo-septal pathway
2022, Progress in NeurobiologyCitation Excerpt :Particularly, the procedures referred to as intracranial self-administration (ICSA) and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) are useful in demonstrating that stimulated neural elements are involved in seeking-behavior processes. In ICSA, animals learn to produce seeking responses to administer neuroactive chemicals intracranially into discrete brain regions (Ikemoto and Wise, 2004), and in ICSS, animals similarly learn to respond for intracranial electrical currents delivered into discrete brain sites (Milner, 1989) or photostimulation that can activate or inhibit specific neural populations with optogenetic procedures (Ilango et al., 2014b). These phenomena can be viewed as the products of activating information-seeking process and then goal-seeking process, or goal-seeking process alone (Fig. 1A).
Utility of Intracranial Self-Stimulation in the Assessment of the Abuse Liability of New Pharmaceuticals
2015, Nonclinical Assessment of Abuse Potential for New PharmaceuticalsBrain Stimulation Reward
2015, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second EditionOxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine
2014, Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :Olds and Milner noted that a rat that had been implanted with an electrode, within what was later identified to be the nucleus accumbens, preferentially spent time in the area where it had received electrical stimulation through the electrode the day prior (Olds and Milner, 1954). Further, when rats were trained to press a lever to electrically stimulate the electrodes themselves, they would press the lever repeatedly at astonishing rates reaching thousands of times per hour (Milner, 1989; Olds and Milner, 1954). Similar observations were then made in humans a short time later (Bishop et al., 1963).
Appetite and reward
2010, Frontiers in NeuroendocrinologyCitation Excerpt :The discovery by Olds and Milner in 1954 that rats will avidly work to self-administer electrical stimulation to some regions of the brain was a remarkable beginning to the study of brain reward circuitry [245]. In addition to the eruption in the scientific community provoked by this finding, newspaper headlines reading the “brain pleasure area” had been discovered and that “it may prove the key to human behaviour” stirred up much public excitement (The Montreal Star; March 12, 1954) [225]. Also known as brain stimulation reward (BSR), this phenomenon is considered to tap into the neural circuitry that conveys the rewarding properties of natural stimuli and behaviours.
Discrimination: From behaviour to brain
2008, Behavioural Processes