Research paperDifferential regulation of β-arrestin 1 and β-arrestin 2 gene expression in rat brain by morphine
Section snippets
Animals
Male Sprague–Dawlay rats (160–200 g, Shanghai Experimental Animal Center, Chinese Academy Sciences) were housed at 20–25 °C on a 12-h light/dark cycle with food and water freely accessible. All animal experiments were carried out in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guideline for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and all efforts were made to minimize the number of animals used and their suffering.
Morphine treatments
In chronic experiment, rats received twice daily for 9 days s.c. injections of
Similar expression patterns of β-arr1 and β-arr2 in various brain regions
The results of in situ hybridization with β-arr isoform-specific probes revealed that β-arr1 and β-arr2 were expressed in the most regions of rat brain. Similar patterns of β-arr1 and β-arr2 gene expression were observed. As shown in Fig. 1, β-arr1- and β-arr2-positive cells with high staining intensity were present in pyramidal cell layers of cingulate cortex, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex and CA1–CA3 fields and in the granular layer of dentate gyrus of hippocampus. β-arr1- and
Discussion
β-arr1 and β-arr2 share high degree of homology (Krupnick and Benovic, 1998) and both express widely in brain. Several studies suggested there are potential functional differences between the two subtypes of β-arr in brain. β-arr2 appears to be more abundant than β-arr1 in the CNS (Attramadal et al., 1992). β-arr2 binds to the β2AR, m2 muscarinic cholinergic receptor, clathrin, and AP-2 at affinities different from those of β-arr1 Gurevich et al 1995, Laporte et al 1999, Goodman et al 1996.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Lin Lu, Yan Liu, Shiduo Lu and T. M. Wang for technical help and discussion. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (39825110, 30230130, and 30000050), the Ministry of Science and Technology (G1999054003), the Ministry of Education, and Shanghai Municipal Commissions for Science and Technology and for Education.
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X. L. Fan and J. S. Zhang contributed equally to this work.