Original articlesSex differences in brain activation during stress imagery in abstinent cocaine users: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Section snippets
Subjects and script development
Twenty male and 10 female cocaine-dependent subjects participated in the study. Three male subjects had translational or rotational motion exceeding 3 mm in one or more dimensions in the scanner and were excluded, leaving us with 17 male and 10 female subjects in the data set. All subjects met criteria for current cocaine dependence as diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (First et al., 1995). They had a mean lifetime history of regular cocaine use (at least 3 times weekly)
Results
Figure 1 shows the average vividness rating and the average change from baseline to imagery period in heart rate, anxiety, and craving rating for both neutral and stress trials, separately for men and women. The results showed that neither male nor female cocaine users demonstrated changes from baseline in heart rate (women, .2 ± 1.2 beats/sec; men, .3 ± 2.3 beats/sec), anxiety rating (women, −.8 ± 1.1; men, −.8 ± .8), or craving rating (women, .6 ± 2.7; men, −.3 ± .9) during neutral trials.
Discussion
Both men and women cocaine users predominantly activated the temporal cortical areas during imagery of personal, real-life situations, whether stressful or neutral, which is consistent with literature on the retrieval of autobiographic memory (Fink et al., 1996; Piefke et al., 2003). When contrasting men and women during stressful imagery, women demonstrated greater activation in the left anterior and right posterior cingulate, left insula, and middle and inferior frontal cortices. These
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