Abstract
The introduction of two microbial opsin-based tools, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and halorhodopsin (NpHR), to neuroscience has generated interest in fast, multimodal, cell type-specific neural circuit control. Here we describe a cation-conducting channelrhodopsin (VChR1) from Volvox carteri that can drive spiking at 589 nm, with excitation maximum red-shifted approximately 70 nm compared with ChR2. These results demonstrate fast photostimulation with yellow light, thereby defining a functionally distinct third category of microbial rhodopsin proteins.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Animals, Newborn
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Carrier Proteins / genetics
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Carrier Proteins / physiology*
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Cells, Cultured
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Color*
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Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
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Electric Stimulation
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Halorhodopsins / physiology
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Hippocampus / cytology
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Humans
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Ion Channels
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Light
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Membrane Potentials / physiology
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Membrane Potentials / radiation effects
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Neurons / physiology*
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Patch-Clamp Techniques
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Photic Stimulation / methods*
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Rats
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Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Transfection
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Volvox / chemistry*
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Xenopus laevis
Substances
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Carrier Proteins
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Halorhodopsins
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Ion Channels
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channelopsin-2, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii