Spatial working memory (WM; ie, "scratchpad" memory) is constantly updated to guide
behavior based on representational knowledge of spatial position. It is maintained by spatially …

This review describes unique neuromodulatory influences on working memory prefrontal
cortical (PFC) circuits that coordinate cognitive strength with arousal state. Working memory …

Prefrontal cortical (PFC) working memory functions depend on pyramidal cell networks that
interconnect on dendritic spines. Recent research has revealed that the strength of PFC …

The cognitive function of the highly evolved dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) is greatly
influenced by arousal state, and is gravely afflicted in disorders such as schizophrenia, …

Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific phosphatase that
modulates key signaling molecules involved in synaptic plasticity and neuronal function. …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) elaborates and differentiates in primates, and there is a
corresponding elaboration in cortical dopamine (DA). DA cells that fire to both aversive and …

The pattern of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is very distinctive: neurofibrillary
tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau selectively affect pyramidal …

Schizophrenia associates with impaired prefrontal cortical (PFC) function and alterations in
cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways. These include genetic insults to disrupted-in-…

Background Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are worsened by stress, and working
memory deficits are often a central feature of illness. Working memory is mediated by the …

Introduction An animal model of late-onset Alzheimer's disease is needed to research what
causes degeneration in the absence of dominant genetic insults and why the association …