Morphine side effects in β-arrestin 2 knockout mice

KM Raehal, JKL Walker, LM Bohn - Journal of Pharmacology and …, 2005 - ASPET
Morphine is a potent analgesic, yet, like most opioid narcotics, it exerts unwanted side
effects such as constipation and respiratory suppression, thereby limiting its clinical utility. …

Functional selectivity at the μ-opioid receptor: implications for understanding opioid analgesia and tolerance

KM Raehal, CL Schmid, CE Groer, LM Bohn - Pharmacological reviews, 2011 - ASPET
Opioids are the most effective analgesic drugs for the management of moderate or severe
pain, yet their clinical use is often limited because of the onset of adverse side effects. Drugs in …

Agonist-directed signaling of the serotonin 2A receptor depends on β-arrestin-2 interactions in vivo

CL Schmid, KM Raehal… - Proceedings of the …, 2008 - National Acad Sciences
Visual and auditory hallucinations accompany certain neuropsychiatric disorders, such as
schizophrenia, and they also can be induced by the use or abuse of certain drugs. The …

The role of beta-arrestin2 in the severity of antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence induced by different opioid pain therapeutics

KM Raehal, LM Bohn - Neuropharmacology, 2011 - Elsevier
Ligands acting at the same receptor can differentially activate distinct signal transduction
pathways, which in turn, can have diverse functional consequences. Further, receptors …

β-Arrestin2 regulates cannabinoid CB1 receptor signaling and adaptation in a central nervous system region–dependent manner

PT Nguyen, CL Schmid, KM Raehal, DE Selley… - Biological …, 2012 - Elsevier
BACKGROUND: Cannabinoid CB 1 receptors (CB 1 Rs) mediate the effects of ▵ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC), the psychoactive component in marijuana. Repeated THC …

Inverse agonists and neutral antagonists at µ opioid receptor (MOR): possible role of basal receptor signaling in narcotic dependence

D Wang, KM Raehal, EJ Bilsky… - Journal of …, 2001 - Wiley Online Library
The µ opioid receptor, MOR, displays spontaneous agonist‐independent (basal) G protein
coupling in vitro. To determine whether basal MOR signaling contributes to narcotic …

Mu opioid receptor regulation and opiate responsiveness

KM Raehal, LM Bohn - The AAPS journal, 2005 - Springer
Opiate drugs such as morphine are well known for their ability to produce potent analgesia
as well as such unwanted side effects as tolerance, physical dependence, respiratory …

β-arrestins: regulatory role and therapeutic potential in opioid and cannabinoid receptor-mediated analgesia

KM Raehal, LM Bohn - Arrestins-Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential, 2014 - Springer
Pain is a complex disorder with neurochemical and psychological components contributing
to the severity, the persistence, and the difficulty in adequately treating the condition. Opioid …

In vivo characterization of 6β-naltrexol, an opioid ligand with less inverse agonist activity compared with naltrexone and naloxone in opioid-dependent mice

KM Raehal, JJ Lowery, CM Bhamidipati… - … of Pharmacology and …, 2005 - ASPET
The μ-opioid receptor displays basal signaling activity, which seems to be enhanced by
exposure to opioid agonists. This study assesses the in vivo pharmacology of the putative “…

Synthesis of conolidine, a potent non-opioid analgesic for tonic and persistent pain

MA Tarselli, KM Raehal, AK Brasher, JM Streicher… - Nature …, 2011 - nature.com
Management of chronic pain continues to represent an area of great unmet biomedical need.
Although opioid analgesics are typically embraced as the mainstay of pharmaceutical …