Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be
intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of opioid …

Morphine and related µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists remain among the most effective
drugs known for acute relief of severe pain. A major problem in treating painful conditions is …

Conopeptides are a diverse group of recently evolved venom peptides used for prey capture
and/or defense. Each species of cone snails produces in excess of 1000 conopeptides, …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau deposition in brain. It
has emerged that Aβ toxicity is tau dependent, although mechanistically this link remains …

The effects of agonists at mu and delta opioid receptors were compared by measuring
membrane currents under voltage clamp from neurons of the rat nucleus locus coeruleus and …

1. Three pharmacological types of opioid receptors, μ, δ and κ, and their corresponding genes
have been identified. Although other types of opioid receptors have been suggested, their …

Opioid agonists are the most effective treatment for pain, but their use is limited by side effects,
tolerance and fears of addiction and dependence. A major goal of opioid research is to …

Biased agonism at G protein–coupled receptors describes the phenomenon whereby some
drugs can activate some downstream signaling activities to the relative exclusion of others. …

The adenosine A 1 receptor (A 1 R) is a promising therapeutic target for non-opioid analgesic
agents to treat neuropathic pain 1 , 2 . However, development of analgesic orthosteric A 1 …

The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a major site of cannabinoid-mediated analgesia
in the central nervous system. In the present study, we examined the actions of …