Genetic variation may partially underlie complex personality and physiological traits—such
as impulsivity, risk taking and stress responsivity—as well as a substantial proportion of …

Opioid drugs play important roles in the clinical management of pain, as well as in the
development and treatment of drug abuse. The mu opioid receptor is the primary site of action for …

Examines the hypothesis that negative affective states can contribute to the reinforcement
associated with drug taking by changing the set point for hedonic processing or the set point …

Addictive diseases, including addiction to heroin, prescription opioids, or cocaine, pose massive
personal and public health costs. Addictions are chronic relapsing diseases of the brain …

This review provides a neuroadaptive perspective regarding the role of the hormonal and
brain stress systems in drug addiction with a focus on the changes that occur during the …

Heroin, as used by addicts, produces quite different effects than are seen with use of narcotic
drugs in ordinary medical practice. Addicts inject themselves repeatedly with larger doses …

Background Cocaine dependence is associated with high rates of relapse. Stress and drug
cue exposure are known to increase cocaine craving and stress arousal, but the association …

Background The partial opiate-receptor agonist buprenorphine has been suggested for
treatment of heroin dependence, but there are few long-term and placebo-controlled studies of …

Addiction to drugs, such as heroin, cocaine and alcohol, exacts great human and financial
costs on society, but the development of pharmacotherapies for addiction has been largely …

Intravenous drug users are the second largest group to develop the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome, and they are the primary source for heterosexual and perinatal transmission …