Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and
show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex …

Both sex (ie, biological differences) and gender (ie, social or cultural influences) impact
vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children, …

The current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is revealing profound
differences between men and women in disease outcomes worldwide. In the United States, …

Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses.
These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, …

… Author links open overlay panel Yiyin Chen a , Sabra L. Klein b , Brian T. Garibaldi c , …
Among COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors, Klein et al. observed higher SARS-CoV-2-specific …

The biological differences associated with the sex of an individual are a major source of
variation, affecting immune responses to vaccination. Compelling clinical data illustrate that men …

Females typically develop higher antibody responses and experience more adverse reactions
following vaccination than males. These differences are observed in response to diverse …

Background Emerging evidence from China suggests that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
is deadlier for infected men than women with a 2.8% fatality rate being reported in …

A male bias in mortality has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, which is consistent with the
pathogenesis of other viral infections. Biological sex differences may manifest themselves …

The textbook view of vaccination is that it functions to induce immune memory of the specific
pathogen components of the vaccine, leading to a quantitatively and qualitatively better …